This module helps scripts to parse the command line arguments in
sys.argv
.
It supports the same conventions as the Unix getopt()
function (including the special meanings of arguments of the form
`-
' and `-
-
').
Long options similar to those supported by
GNU software may be used as well via an optional third argument.
This module provides a single function and an exception:
Note: Unlike GNU getopt(), after a non-option argument, all further arguments are considered also non-options. This is similar to the way non-GNU Unix systems work.
long_options, if specified, must be a list of strings with the
names of the long options which should be supported. The leading
'-
-'
characters should not be included in the option
name. Long options which require an argument should be followed by an
equal sign ("="). To accept only long options,
options should be an empty string. Long options on the command
line can be recognized so long as they provide a prefix of the option
name that matches exactly one of the accepted options. For example,
it long_options is ['foo', 'frob']
, the option
--fo will match as --foo, but
--f will not match uniquely, so GetoptError
will be raised.
The return value consists of two elements: the first is a list of
(option, value)
pairs; the second is the list of
program arguments left after the option list was stripped (this is a
trailing slice of args). Each option-and-value pair returned
has the option as its first element, prefixed with a hyphen for short
options (e.g., '-x'
) or two hyphens for long options (e.g.,
'-
-long-option'
), and the option argument as its second
element, or an empty string if the option has no argument. The
options occur in the list in the same order in which they were found,
thus allowing multiple occurrences. Long and short options may be
mixed.
Changed in version 1.6: Introduced GetoptError as a synonym for error.
An example using only Unix style options:
>>> import getopt >>> args = '-a -b -cfoo -d bar a1 a2'.split() >>> args ['-a', '-b', '-cfoo', '-d', 'bar', 'a1', 'a2'] >>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'abc:d:') >>> optlist [('-a', ''), ('-b', ''), ('-c', 'foo'), ('-d', 'bar')] >>> args ['a1', 'a2']
Using long option names is equally easy:
>>> s = '--condition=foo --testing --output-file abc.def -x a1 a2' >>> args = s.split() >>> args ['--condition=foo', '--testing', '--output-file', 'abc.def', '-x', 'a1', 'a2'] >>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'x', [ ... 'condition=', 'output-file=', 'testing']) >>> optlist [('--condition', 'foo'), ('--testing', ''), ('--output-file', 'abc.def'), ('-x', '')] >>> args ['a1', 'a2']
In a script, typical usage is something like this:
import getopt, sys def main(): try: opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "ho:", ["help", "output="]) except getopt.GetoptError: # print help information and exit: usage() sys.exit(2) output = None for o, a in opts: if o in ("-h", "--help"): usage() sys.exit() if o in ("-o", "--output"): output = a #... if __name__ == "__main__": main()
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