Python Library Reference

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3.14 pickle -- Python object serialization

The pickle module implements a basic but powerful algorithm for ``pickling'' (a.k.a. serializing, marshalling or flattening) nearly arbitrary Python objects. This is the act of converting objects to a stream of bytes (and back: ``unpickling''). This is a more primitive notion than persistence -- although pickle reads and writes file objects, it does not handle the issue of naming persistent objects, nor the (even more complicated) area of concurrent access to persistent objects. The pickle module can transform a complex object into a byte stream and it can transform the byte stream into an object with the same internal structure. The most obvious thing to do with these byte streams is to write them onto a file, but it is also conceivable to send them across a network or store them in a database. The module shelveprovides a simple interface to pickle and unpickle objects on DBM-style database files.

Note: The pickle module is rather slow. A reimplementation of the same algorithm in C, which is up to 1000 times faster, is available as the cPicklemodule. This has the same interface except that Pickler and Unpickler are factory functions, not classes (so they cannot be used as base classes for inheritance).

Although the pickle module can use the built-in module marshalinternally, it differs from marshal in the way it handles certain kinds of data:

• Recursive objects (objects containing references to themselves): pickle keeps track of the objects it has already serialized, so later references to the same object won't be serialized again. (The marshal module breaks for this.)

• Object sharing (references to the same object in different places): This is similar to self-referencing objects; pickle stores the object once, and ensures that all other references point to the master copy. Shared objects remain shared, which can be very important for mutable objects.

• User-defined classes and their instances: marshal does not support these at all, but pickle can save and restore class instances transparently. The class definition must be importable and live in the same module as when the object was stored.

The data format used by pickle is Python-specific. This has the advantage that there are no restrictions imposed by external standards such as XDR(which can't represent pointer sharing); however it means that non-Python programs may not be able to reconstruct pickled Python objects.

By default, the pickle data format uses a printable ASCII representation. This is slightly more voluminous than a binary representation. The big advantage of using printable ASCII (and of some other characteristics of pickle's representation) is that for debugging or recovery purposes it is possible for a human to read the pickled file with a standard text editor.

A binary format, which is slightly more efficient, can be chosen by specifying a nonzero (true) value for the bin argument to the Pickler constructor or the dump() and dumps() functions. The binary format is not the default because of backwards compatibility with the Python 1.4 pickle module. In a future version, the default may change to binary.

The pickle module doesn't handle code objects, which the marshalmodule does. I suppose pickle could, and maybe it should, but there's probably no great need for it right now (as long as marshal continues to be used for reading and writing code objects), and at least this avoids the possibility of smuggling Trojan horses into a program.

For the benefit of persistence modules written using pickle, it supports the notion of a reference to an object outside the pickled data stream. Such objects are referenced by a name, which is an arbitrary string of printable ASCII characters. The resolution of such names is not defined by the pickle module -- the persistent object module will have to implement a method persistent_load(). To write references to persistent objects, the persistent module must define a method persistent_id() which returns either None or the persistent ID of the object.

There are some restrictions on the pickling of class instances.

First of all, the class must be defined at the top level in a module. Furthermore, all its instance variables must be picklable.

When a pickled class instance is unpickled, its __init__() method is normally not invoked. Note: This is a deviation from previous versions of this module; the change was introduced in Python 1.5b2. The reason for the change is that in many cases it is desirable to have a constructor that requires arguments; it is a (minor) nuisance to have to provide a __getinitargs__() method.

If it is desirable that the __init__() method be called on unpickling, a class can define a method __getinitargs__(), which should return a tuple containing the arguments to be passed to the class constructor (__init__()). This method is called at pickle time; the tuple it returns is incorporated in the pickle for the instance.

Classes can further influence how their instances are pickled -- if the class defines the method __getstate__(), it is called and the return state is pickled as the contents for the instance, and if the class defines the method __setstate__(), it is called with the unpickled state. (Note that these methods can also be used to implement copying class instances.) If there is no __getstate__() method, the instance's __dict__ is pickled. If there is no __setstate__() method, the pickled object must be a dictionary and its items are assigned to the new instance's dictionary. (If a class defines both __getstate__() and __setstate__(), the state object needn't be a dictionary -- these methods can do what they want.) This protocol is also used by the shallow and deep copying operations defined in the copymodule.

Note that when class instances are pickled, their class's code and data are not pickled along with them. Only the instance data are pickled. This is done on purpose, so you can fix bugs in a class or add methods and still load objects that were created with an earlier version of the class. If you plan to have long-lived objects that will see many versions of a class, it may be worthwhile to put a version number in the objects so that suitable conversions can be made by the class's __setstate__() method.

When a class itself is pickled, only its name is pickled -- the class definition is not pickled, but re-imported by the unpickling process. Therefore, the restriction that the class must be defined at the top level in a module applies to pickled classes as well.

The interface can be summarized as follows.

To pickle an object x onto a file f, open for writing:

p = pickle.Pickler(f)
p.dump(x)

A shorthand for this is:

pickle.dump(x, f)

To unpickle an object x from a file f, open for reading:

u = pickle.Unpickler(f)
x = u.load()

A shorthand is:

x = pickle.load(f)

The Pickler class only calls the method f.write() with a string argument. The Unpickler calls the methods f.read() (with an integer argument) and f.readline() (without argument), both returning a string. It is explicitly allowed to pass non-file objects here, as long as they have the right methods.

The constructor for the Pickler class has an optional second argument, bin. If this is present and true, the binary pickle format is used; if it is absent or false, the (less efficient, but backwards compatible) text pickle format is used. The Unpickler class does not have an argument to distinguish between binary and text pickle formats; it accepts either format.

The following types can be pickled:

• None

• integers, long integers, floating point numbers

• normal and Unicode strings

• tuples, lists and dictionaries containing only picklable objects

• functions defined at the top level of a module (by name reference, not storage of the implementation)

• built-in functions

• classes that are defined at the top level in a module

• instances of such classes whose __dict__ or __setstate__() is picklable

Attempts to pickle unpicklable objects will raise the PicklingError exception; when this happens, an unspecified number of bytes may have been written to the file.

It is possible to make multiple calls to the dump() method of the same Pickler instance. These must then be matched to the same number of calls to the load() method of the corresponding Unpickler instance. If the same object is pickled by multiple dump() calls, the load() will all yield references to the same object. Warning: this is intended for pickling multiple objects without intervening modifications to the objects or their parts. If you modify an object and then pickle it again using the same Pickler instance, the object is not pickled again -- a reference to it is pickled and the Unpickler will return the old value, not the modified one. (There are two problems here: (a) detecting changes, and (b) marshalling a minimal set of changes. I have no answers. Garbage Collection may also become a problem here.)

Apart from the Pickler and Unpickler classes, the module defines the following functions, and an exception:

dump(object, file[, bin])

Write a pickled representation of object to the open file object file. This is equivalent to "Pickler(file, bin).dump(object)". If the optional bin argument is present and nonzero, the binary pickle format is used; if it is zero or absent, the (less efficient) text pickle format is used.

load(file)

Read a pickled object from the open file object file. This is equivalent to "Unpickler(file).load()".

dumps(object[, bin])

Return the pickled representation of the object as a string, instead of writing it to a file. If the optional bin argument is present and nonzero, the binary pickle format is used; if it is zero or absent, the (less efficient) text pickle format is used.

loads(string)

Read a pickled object from a string instead of a file. Characters in the string past the pickled object's representation are ignored.

exception PicklingError

This exception is raised when an unpicklable object is passed to Pickler.dump().

• 3.14.1 Example

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Python Library Reference

Previous: 3.13 linecache Up: 3. Python Runtime Services Next: 3.14.1 Example

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Release 2.1.1, documentation updated on July 20, 2001.

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