enternetusers > Překlady > Stručná historie hackerství
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Konec starých časů

Takže v roce 1980 byla situace následující, tři různé kultury, které se na okrajích překrývaly, ale které se shromažďovaly okolo velmi rozdílných technologií. Kultura ARPANET/PDP-10, oddaná LISPu, MACRO, TOPS-10, ITS a SAIL. Společnost Unixu a C s PDP-11, s VAXem a telefonním spojením. A anarchistický spolek prvních mikropočítačových nadšenců, kteří chtěli přinést počítače masám.

Mezi těmito kulturami měl stále ITS čestné postavení. Ale nad ní se již stahovala mračna. Technologie PDP-10 stárla a samotná Laboratoř byla rozkládána prvními pokusy o komercializaci umělé inteligence. Některé nejlepší mozky z Laboratoře (a z SAIL a CMU) byly odlákany na velmi dobře placená místa v začínajících společnostech.

Smrtelná rána dopadla v roce 1983, kdy se DEC rozhodl zrušit Jupitera (pokračovatele PDP-10) , aby se mohl soustředit na PDP-11 a VAX. ITS již neměl budoucnost. Protože nebyl přenosný, nikdo si nemohl dovolit věnovat tolik časo na jeho přepsání na jinou architekturu. Varianta Unixu z Berkeley, která běžela na VAXu se stala prvotřídním hackerským prostředím a každý, kdo dokázal odhadovat budoucnost viděl, že mikropočítače nabíraly rychle na síle a chystaly se smést vše, co jim stálo v cestě.

Někdy v té době psal Levy knihu "Hackers". Jedním z jeho hlavních zdrojů informací byl Richard M. Stallman (tvůrce EMACSu), jedna z hlavních postav Laboratoře a nejfanatičtější odpůrce komercionalizace její technologie.

Stallman (který je obyčejně znám pod svými iniciálami a loginem RMS) vytvořil Free Software Foundation a věnoval se tvorbě velmi kvalitního volného software. Levi jej nazval "posledním opravdovým hackerem", tento popis se naštěstí ukázal mylným.

Stallmanův největší projekt jasně dokumentuje přerod hackerství na počátku osmdesátých let. V roce 1982 začal vytvářet vlastní klon Unixu, napsaný v C a dostupný zdarma. Jeho projekt byl znám jako GNU (Gnu Není Unix) operační systém. GNU se dostalo brzy do centra zájmu hackerské aktivity a s ním se duch a tradice ITS uchovaly v mladší hackerské kultuře soustředěné okolo Unixu a VAXu.

A opravdu, více než jedno desetiletí po svém založení Free Software Foundation z velké části definovalo veřejnou ideologii hackerské kultury a jedině Stallman samotný se po právu mohl považovat za vůdce tohoto kmene.

Okolo let 1982-1983 mikročipy a technologie místních sítí začaly mít važný vliv na oblast hackerství. Ethernet a mikročip Motorola 68000 vytvořily obzvláště silnou kombinaci a několik začínajících společností začalo stavět první generaci toho, co nyní známe pod názvem pracovní stanice.

V roce 1982 skupina Unixových hackerů za Stanfordu a Berkeley založila Sun Microsystems, neboť věřila, že Unix na relativně levných počítačích založených na čipu 68000 bude představovat nejlepší kombinaci pro řadu aplikací. Měli pravdu a jejich vize dala příklad celému průmyslu. Zatímco byly stále příliš drahé pro většinu individuálních uživatelů, pracovní stanice byly levné pro korporace a univerzity a jejich sítě brzy nahradily starší VAX a další systémy.


enternetusers > Překlady > Stručná historie hackerství
Začátek | Předcházející | Další | Obsah... [Seznam překladů] česky | english | english-česky

4-19-2013

4-19-2013


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