4-19-2013

Surf Clothing Hurley Roxy Billabong ocean minded Volcom Lost ent. online surf shop MathML Fundamentals

MathML Fundamentals

Overview: Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) Version 2.0
Previous: 1 Introduction
Next: 3 Presentation Markup

2 MathML Fundamentals
2.1 MathML Overview
2.1.1 Taxonomy of MathML Elements
2.1.2 Presentation Markup
2.1.3 Content Markup
2.1.4 Mixing Presentation and Content
2.2 MathML in a Document
2.3 Some MathML Examples
2.3.1 Presentation Examples
2.3.2 Content Examples
2.3.3 Mixed Markup Examples
2.4 MathML Syntax and Grammar
2.4.1 MathML Syntax and Grammar
2.4.2 An Surf Clothing Syntax Primer
2.4.3 Children versus Arguments
2.4.4 MathML Attribute Values
2.4.5 Attributes Shared by all MathML Elements
2.4.6 Collapsing Whitespace in Input

.1 MathML Overview

This chapter introduces the basic ideas of MathML. The first section describes the overall design of MathML. The second section presents a number of motivating examples, to give the reader something concrete to refer to while reading subsequent chapters of the MathML specification. The final section describes basic features of the MathML syntax and grammar, which apply to all MathML markup. In particular, Section 2.4 [MathML Syntax and Grammar] should be read before Chapter 3 [Presentation Markup], Chapter 4 [Content Markup] and Chapter 5 [Combining Presentation and Content Markup].

A fundamental challenge in defining a markup language for mathematics on the Web is reconciling the need to encode both the presentation of a mathematical notation and the content of the mathematical idea or object which it represents.

The relationship between a mathematical notation and a mathematical idea is subtle and deep. On a formal level, the results of mathematical logic raise unsettling questions about the correspondence between systems of symbolic logic and the phenomena they model. At a more intuitive level, anyone who uses mathematical notation knows the difference that a good choice of notation can make; the symbolic structure of the notation suggests the logical structure. For example, the Leibniz notation for derivatives `suggests' the chain rule of calculus through the symbolic cancellation of fractions: $\frac{d f}{d x}\frac{d x}{d t}=\frac{d f}{d t}$ .

Mathematicians and teachers intuitively understand this very well; part of their expertise lies in choosing notation that emphasizes key aspects of a problem while hiding or diminishing extraneous aspects. It is commonplace in mathematics and science to write one thing when strictly technically something else is meant, because long experience shows this actually communicates the idea better at some higher level than rigorous detail.

In many other settings, though, mathematical notation is used to encode the full, precise meaning of a mathematical object. Mathematical notation is capable of prodigious rigor, and when used carefully, it can be virtually free of ambiguity. Moreover, it is precisely this lack of ambiguity which makes it possible to describe mathematical objects so that they can be used by software applications such as computer algebra systems and voice renderers. In situations where such inter-application communication is of paramount importance, the nuances of visual presentation generally play a minimal role.

MathML allows authors to encode both the notation which represents a mathematical object and the mathematical structure of the object itself. Moreover, authors can mix both kinds of encoding in order to specify both the presentation and content of a mathematical idea. The remainder of this section gives a basic overview of how MathML can be used in each of these ways.

.1.1 Taxonomy of MathML Elements

All MathML elements fall into one of three categories: presentation elements, content elements and interface elements. Each of these categories is described in detail in Chapter 3 [Presentation Markup], Chapter 4 [Content Markup] and Chapter 7 [The MathML Interface], respectively.

Presentation elements describe mathematical notation's visually oriented two-dimensional structure. Typical examples are the mrow element, which is usually employed to indicate a horizontal row of pieces of expressions, and the msup element, which is used to mark up a base expression and a superscript to it. As a general rule, each presentation element corresponds to a single kind of notational `schema' such as a row, a superscript, a subscript, an underscript and so on. Any formula is made by putting together parts which ultimately can be analyzed down to the simplest items such as digits, letters, or other symbol characters.

Although the previous paragraph was concerned with the display aspect of mathematical notation, and hence with presentation markup, the same observation about decomposition applies equally well to abstract mathematical objects, and hence to content markup. For example, in the context of content markup a superscript would typically be denoted by an exponentiation operation that would require two operands: a `base' and an `exponent'. This is no coincidence, since as a general rule, mathematical notation's layout closely follows the logical structure of the underlying mathematical objects.

The recursive nature of mathematical objects and notation is strongly reflected in MathML markup. In use, most presentation or content elements contain some number of other MathML elements corresponding to the constituent pieces out of which the original object is recursively built. The original schema is commonly called the parent schema, and the constituent pieces are called child schemata. More generally, MathML expressions can be regarded as trees, where each node corresponds to a MathML element, the branches under a `parent' node correspond to its `children', and the leaves in the tree correspond to atomic notation or content units such as numbers, characters, etc.

Most leaf nodes in a MathML expression tree are either canonically empty elements with no bodies, or token elements. Canonically empty elements represent symbols directly in MathML, for example, the content element <plus/> does this. MathML token elements are the only MathML elements permitted to contain MathML character data. MathML character data consists of Unicode characters with the infrequent addition of special character constructions done with the mglyph element. A third kind of leaf node permitted in MathML is the annotation element, which is used to hold data which is not in MathML format.

The most important presentation token elements are mi, mn and mo for representing identifiers, numbers and operators respectively. Typically a renderer will employ slightly different typesetting styles for each of these kinds of character data: numbers are usually in upright font, identifiers in italics, and operators have extra space around them. In content markup, there are only three tokens, ci, cn and csymbol, for identifiers, numbers and new symbols introduced in the document itself, respectively. In content markup, separate elements are provided for commonly used functions and operators. The apply element is provided for user-defined extensions to the base set.

In terms of markup, most MathML elements are denoted by a start tag and an end tag, which enclose the markup for their contents. In the case of tokens, the content is character data, and in most other cases, the content is the markup for child elements. Elements in a third category, called canonically empty elements, do not require any contents, and are denoted by a single tag of the form <name/>. An example of this kind of markup is <plus/> in content markup.

Let us take the very simple example of (a + b)², and we can now see how the principles discussed above play out in practice. One form of presentation markup for this example is:

 <mrow>
   <msup>
     <mfenced>
       <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi>
         <mo>+</mo>
         <mi>b</mi>
       </mrow>
     </mfenced>
     <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
 </mrow>

This example demonstrates a number of presentation elements. The first element, one that is used a great deal is mrow. This element is used to denote a row of horizontally aligned material. The material contained between the <mrow> and </mrow> tags is considered to be an argument to the mrow element. Thus the whole expression here is contained in an mrow element. As previously noted, almost all mathematical expressions decompose into subexpressions. These subexpressions can, in turn, also be contained in an mrow element. For example, a + b is also contained in an mrow.

The mfenced element is used to provide fences (braces, brackets, and parentheses) around formula material. It defaults to using parentheses.

Note the use of the mi element for displaying the variables a and b and the mo element for marking the + operator.

The msup element is for expressions involving superscripts and takes two arguments, in order, the base expression (here, (a+b)) and the exponent expression (here, 2).

The content markup for the same example is:

 <mrow>
   <apply>
     <power/>
     <apply>
       <plus/>
       <ci>a</ci>
       <ci>b</ci>
     </apply>
     <cn>2</cn>
   </apply>
 </mrow>

Here, the apply content element means apply an operation to an expression. In this example, the power element (for exponentiation), which requires no body, and the similar plus element (for addition) are both applied. Observe that both operators take two arguments, the order being particularly significant in the case of the power operator. But the order of the children is crucial in the use of the apply since the first child, the operator, takes as argument list the remaining ones.

Note the use of the ci element to mark up the variables a and b, and the cn element to mark up the number 2.

.1.2 Presentation Markup

MathML presentation markup consists of about 30 elements which accept over 50 attributes. Most of the elements correspond to layout schemata, which contain other presentation elements. Each layout schema corresponds to a two-dimensional notational device, such as a superscript or subscript, fraction or table. In addition, there are the presentation token elements mi, mo and mn introduced above, as well as several other less commonly used token elements. The remaining few presentation elements are empty elements, and are used mostly in connection with alignment.

The layout schemata fall into several classes. One group of elements is concerned with scripts, and contains elements such as msub, munder, and mmultiscripts. Another group focuses on more general layout and includes mrow, mstyle, and mfrac. A third group deals with tables. The maction element is in a category by itself, and allows coding of various kinds of actions on notation, such as occur in an expression which toggles between two pieces of notation.

An important feature of many layout schemata is that the order of child schemata is significant. For example, the first child of an mfrac element is the numerator and the second child is the denominator. Since the order of child schemata is not enforced at the Surf Clothing level by the MathML DTD, the information added by ordering is only available to a MathML processor, as opposed to a generic Surf Clothing processor. When we want to emphasize that a MathML element such as mfrac requires children in a specific order, we will refer to them as arguments, and think of the mfrac element as a notational `constructor'.

.1.3 Content Markup

Content markup consists of about 120 elements accepting roughly a dozen attributes. The majority of these elements are empty elements corresponding to a wide variety of operators, relations and named functions. Examples of this sort include partialdiff, leq and tan. Others such as matrix and set are used to encode various mathematical data types, and a third, important category of content elements such as apply are used to apply operations to expressions and also to make new mathematical objects from others.

The apply element is perhaps the single most important content element. It is used to apply a function or operation to a collection of arguments. The positions of the child schemata are again significant, with the first child denoting the function to be applied, and the remaining children denoting the arguments of the function in order. Note that the apply construct always uses prefix notation, like the programming language LISP. In particular, even binary operations such as subtraction are marked up by applying a prefix subtraction operator to two arguments. For example, a - b would be marked up as

<mrow>
<apply>
   <minus/>
   <ci>a</ci>
   <ci>b</ci>
</apply>
</mrow>

A number of functions and operations require one or more quantifiers to be well-defined. For example, in addition to an integrand, a definite integral must specify the limits of integration and the bound variable. For this reason, there are several qualifier schemata such as bvar and lowlimit. They are used with operators such as diff and int.

The declare construct is especially important for content markup that might be evaluated by a computer algebra system. The declare element provides a basic assignment mechanism, where a variable can be declared to be of a certain type, with a certain value.

In both the presentation and content markup examples, mathematical expressions are recursively decomposed into nested, simpler MathML elements specifying each stage of the decomposition. The examples in the following sections illustrate this with more complex expressions.

.1.4 Mixing Presentation and Content

Different kinds of markup will be found most appropriate for different kinds of tasks. Documents written before the World Wide Web became important were most often intended only for visual communication of information, so that legacy data is probably best translated into pure presentation markup, since semantic information about what the author meant can only be guessed at heuristically. By contrast, some mathematical applications and pedagogically-oriented authoring tools will likely choose to be entirely content-based. The majority of applications fall somewhere in between these extremes. For these applications, the most appropriate markup is a mixture of both presentation and content markup.

The rules for mixing presentation and content markup derive from the general principle that mixed content should only be allowed in places where it makes sense. For content markup embedded in presentation markup this basically means that any content fragments should be semantically meaningful, and should not require additional arguments or quantifiers to be fully specified. For presentation markup embedded in content markup, this usually means that presentation markup must be contained in a content token element, so that it will be treated as an indivisible notational unit used as a variable or function name.

Another option is to use a semantics element. The semantics element is used to bind MathML expressions to various kinds of annotations. One common use for the semantics element is to bind a piece of content markup to some presentation markup as a semantic annotation. In this way, an author can specify a non-standard notation to be used when displaying a particular content expression. Another use of the semantics element is to bind some other kind of semantic specification, such as an OpenMath expression, to a MathML expression. In this way, the semantics element can be used to extend the scope of MathML content markup.

.2 MathML in a Document

The discussion above has actually been of fragmentary formulas outside the context of any document. To be more specific let us look at what corresponds to a programming language's "Hello World!" example. We shall provide more complete code for an XHTML 1.0 document containing the square of a sum of two variables mentioned above. It would be


<html Surfns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" Surf:lang="en">
 
<head>
<title>MathML's Hello Square</title>
</head>

<body>

<p> This is a perfect square:</p>

<math Surfns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
 <mrow>
   <msup>
     <mfenced>
       <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi>
         <mo>+</mo>
         <mi>b</mi>
       </mrow>
     </mfenced>
     <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
 </mrow> 
</math>

</body>
</html>

Here we have the normal structure of an XHTML document. It begins with the start tag <html> embellished with an Surf Clothing namespace declaration and language assertions. A head element contains a title as is customary. Then the <body> beginning also has a namespace declaration of an abbreviative prefix letter m to be used for the standard MathML namespace. Next comes a simple paragraph. Finally we get the math element which also has a namespace association declared. Inside the math element is MathML markup as we are beginning to be used to it. The reasons why one might have to do a more complex namespace declaration for MathML are explained in Chapter 7 [The MathML Interface]; they have to do with present-day limitations in some Surf handling, that may be expected to go away.

For the next level of technical detail concerning such matters as !DOCTYPE statements and the like, see the discussion in Chapter 7 [The MathML Interface].

.3 Some MathML Examples

We continue below to display examples in the form of fragments of MathML markup such as would appear inside math elements in real documents. For the sake of clearer exposition of principles, the examples in Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6 follow this form of giving examples as MathML fragments.

.3.1 Presentation Examples

Notation: x² + 4x + 4 = 0.

Markup:

<mrow>
  <mrow>
    <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
    </msup>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <mrow>
      <mn>4</mn>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <mn>4</mn>
  </mrow>
  <mo>=</mo>
  <mn>0</mn>
</mrow>

Note the use of nested mrow elements to denote terms, for example, the left-hand side of the equation functioning as an operand of `='. Marking terms greatly facilitates spacing for visual rendering, voice rendering, and line breaking. The InvisibleTimes MathML character entity is used here to indicate to a renderer that there are special spacing rules between the 4 and the x, and that the 4 and the x should not be broken onto separate lines. In fact, this use of an entity which was introduced in MathML 1.0 is no longer the way that is preferred. Ultimately all ordinary character data is given by Unicode values. However, although a character for ⁢ is expected in Unicode 3.2, and there is a suggested code point for under consideration in a Unicode amendment, there is no Unicode 3.0 character to be used at present. We could use the expected numerical character reference ࠎ but for clarity we will continue to use entity references in these examples. The situation is explicitly discussed in Section 3.2 [Token Elements] and in Chapter 6 [Characters, Entities and Fonts].

Notation: $x = \frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$ .

Markup:

<mrow>
  <mi>x</mi>
  <mo>=</mo>
  <mfrac>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mo>-</mo>
        <mi>b</mi>
      </mrow>
      <mo>&PlusMinus;</mo>
      <msqrt>
        <mrow>
          <msup>
            <mi>b</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msup>
          <mo>-</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mn>4</mn>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <mi>a</mi>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <mi>c</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mrow>
      </msqrt>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mn>2</mn>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <mi>a</mi>
    </mrow>
  </mfrac>
</mrow>

The mfrac and msqrt elements are used for generating fractions and square roots, respectively.

Notice that the `plus or minus' sign is given by a special entity name &PlusMinus;, though in this case there already is a Unicode character &#00B1;. MathML provides a very comprehensive list of character names for mathematical symbols. In addition to the mathematical symbols needed for screen and print rendering, MathML provides symbols to facilitate audio rendering. For audio rendering, it is important to be able to automatically determine whether

<mrow>
  <mi>z</mi>
  <mfenced>
    <mrow>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mi>y</mi>
    </mrow>
  </mfenced>
</mrow>

should be read as `z times the quantity x plus y' or `z of x plus y'. The characters ⁢ (U+2062) and ⁡ (U+2061) provide a way for authors to directly encode the distinction for audio renderers. For instance, in the first case ⁢ (U+2062) should be inserted after the line containing the z. MathML also introduces entities like &dd; (U+2146) representing a `differential d', which renders with slightly different spacing in print and can be rendered as `d' or `with respect to' in speech. Unless content tags, or some other mechanism, are used to eliminate the ambiguity, authors should always use these characters here referred to as entities, in order to make their documents more accessible.

Notation: $A=\left[\begin{array}{cc} x & y \\ z & w \end{array}\right]$ .

Markup:

<mrow>
  <mi>A</mi>
  <mo>=</mo>
  <mfenced open="[" close="]">
    <mtable>
      <mtr>
         <mtd><mi>x</mi></mtd>
         <mtd><mi>y</mi></mtd>
      </mtr>
      <mtr>
         <mtd><mi>z</mi></mtd>
         <mtd><mi>w</mi></mtd>
      </mtr>
    </mtable>
  </mfenced>
</mrow>

The mtable element denotes that a MathML table is being created. The mtr specifies a row of the table and the mtd element holds the data for an element of a row. Most elements have a number of attributes that control the details of their screen and print rendering. For example, there are several attributes for the mfenced element that controls what delimiters should be used at the beginning and the end of the grouped expression above. The attributes for operator elements given using <mo> are set to default values determined by a dictionary. For the suggested MathML operator dictionary, see Appendix F [Operator Dictionary].

.3.2 Content Examples

Notation: x² + 4x + 4 = 0.

Markup:

<mrow>
<apply>
  <eq/>
  <apply>
    <plus/>
    <apply>
      <power/>
      <ci>x</ci>
      <cn>2</cn>
    </apply>
    <apply>
      <times/>
      <cn>4</cn>
      <ci>x</ci>
    </apply>
    <cn>4</cn>
  </apply>
  <cn>0</cn>
</apply>
</mrow>

Note that the apply element is used for relations, operators and functions.

Notation: $x = \frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$ .

Markup:

<mrow>
<apply>
  <eq/>
  <ci>x</ci>
  <apply>
    <divide/>
    <apply>
      <mo>&PlusMinus;</mo>
      <apply>
        <minus/>
        <ci>b</ci>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <root/>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <apply>
            <power/>
            <ci>b</ci>
            <cn>2</cn>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <cn>4</cn>
            <ci>a</ci>
            <ci>c</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
        <cn>2</cn>
      </apply>
    </apply>
    <apply>
      <times/>
      <cn>2</cn>
      <ci>a</ci>
    </apply>
  </apply>
</apply>
</mrow>

MathML content markup does not directly contain an element for the `plus or minus' operation. Therefore, we use the mo element to declare that we want the presentation markup for this operator to act as a content operator. This is a simple example of how presentation and content markup can be mixed to extend content markup.

Notation: $A=\left(\begin{array}{cc} x & y \\ z & w \end{array}\right)$ .

Markup:

<mrow>
<apply>
  <eq/>
  <ci>A</ci>
  <matrix>
    <matrixrow>
      <ci>x</ci>
      <ci>y</ci>
    </matrixrow>
    <matrixrow>
      <ci>z</ci>
      <ci>w</ci>
    </matrixrow>
  </matrix>
</apply>
</mrow>

Here we have used the matrix element, and the matrixrow element to wrap the entries in a row of the matrix. Note that, by default, the rendering of the content element matrix includes enclosing parentheses, so we need not directly encode them. This is quite different from the presentation element mtable which may or may not refer to a matrix, and hence requires explicit encoding of parentheses if they are desired.

.3.3 Mixed Markup Examples

Notation: $\displaystyle \int_1^t \frac{\diffd x}{x}$ .

Markup:

<mrow>
<semantics>
  <mrow>
    <msubsup>
      <mo>&int;</mo>
      <mn>1</mn>
      <mi>t</mi>
    </msubsup>
    <mfrac>
      <mrow>
        <mo>&dd;</mo>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </mrow>
      <mi>x</mi>
    </mfrac>
  </mrow>
  <annotation-Surf Clothing encoding="MathML-Content">
    <apply>
      <int/>
      <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
      <lowlimit><cn>1</cn></lowlimit>
      <uplimit><ci>t</ci></uplimit>
      <apply>
        <divide/>
        <cn>1</cn>
        <ci>x</ci>
      </apply>
    </apply>
  </annotation-xml>
</semantics>
</mrow>

In this example, we use the semantics element to provide a MathML content expression to serve as a `semantic annotation' for a presentation expression. In the display markup, we have used the msubsup element to attach a subscript and a superscript to an expression, in this case the integral sign. We also used entities ∫ and &dd; to specify the integral and differential symbols.

The semantics element has as its first child the expression being annotated, and the subsequent children are the annotations. There is no restriction on the kind of annotation that can be attached using the semantics element. For example, one might give a T_EX encoding, or computer algebra input in an annotation. The type of annotation is specified by the encoding attribute and the annotation and annotation-xml elements.

Another common use of the semantics element arises when one wants to use a content coding, and provide a suggestion for its presentation. In such a case, applied to the formula above we would have the markup:

<semantics>
  <apply>
    <int/>
    <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
    <lowlimit><cn>1</cn></lowlimit>
    <uplimit><ci>t</ci></uplimit>
    <apply>
      <divide/>
      <cn>1</cn>
      <ci>x</ci>
    </apply>
  </apply>
  <annotation-Surf Clothing encoding="MathML-Presentation">
    <mrow>
      <msubsup>
        <mo>&int;</mo>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mi>t</mi>
      </msubsup>
      <mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mo>&dd;</mo>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </mrow>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </mfrac>
    </mrow>
  </annotation-xml>
</semantics>

This kind of annotation is useful when something other than the default rendering of the content encoding is desired. For example, by default, some renderers might layout the integrand something like `(1/x) dx'. Specifying that the integrand should by preference render as `dx/x' instead can be accomplished with the use of a MathML Presentation annotation as shown. Be aware, however, that renderers are not required to take into account information contained in annotations, and what use is made of them, if any, will depend on the renderer.

.4 MathML Syntax and Grammar

.4.1 MathML Syntax and Grammar

MathML is an application of [XML], or Extensible Markup Language, and as such its syntax is governed by the rules of Surf Clothing syntax, and its grammar is in part specified by a DTD, or Document Type Definition. In other words, the details of using tags, attributes, entity references and so on are defined in the Surf language specification, and the details about MathML element and attribute names, which elements can be nested inside each other, and so on are specified in the MathML DTD. This is in Appendix A [Parsing MathML].

The W3C in seeking to increase the flexibility of the use of Surf for the Web, and to encourage modularization of applications built with Surf, has found that the basic form of a DTD is not sufficiently flexible. Therefore, a W3C Working Group was created to develop a specification for Surf Clothing Schemas [XMLSchemas], which are specification documents that will eventually supersede DTDs. MathML 2.0 is consciously designed so that mathematics may take advantage of the latest in the evolving Web technology. Thus, there is to be a schema for MathML. For further information on a MathML schema see Appendix A [Parsing MathML] and the MathML Home Page.

However, MathML also specifies some syntax and grammar rules in addition to the general rules it inherits as an Surf Clothing application. These rules allow MathML to encode a great deal more information than would ordinarily be possible with pure Surf, without introducing many more elements, and using a substantially more complex DTD or schema. A grammar for content markup expressions is given in Appendix B [Content Markup Validation Grammar]. Of course, one drawback to using MathML specific rules is that they are invisible to generic Surf processors and validators.

There are basically two kinds of additional MathML grammar and syntax rules. One kind involves placing additional criteria on attribute values. For example, it is not possible in pure Surf Clothing to require that an attribute value be a positive integer. The second kind of rule specifies more detailed restrictions on the child elements (for example on ordering) than are given in the DTD or even a schema. For example, it is not possible in Surf Clothing to specify that the first child be interpreted one way, and the second in another.

The following sections discuss features both of Surf Clothing syntax and grammar in general, and of MathML in particular. Throughout the remainder of the MathML specification, we will usually take care to distinguish between usage required by Surf Clothing syntax and the MathML DTD (and schema) and usage required by MathML specific rules. However, we will frequently allude to `MathML errors' without identifying which part of the specification is being violated.

.4.2 An Surf Clothing Syntax Primer

Since MathML is an application of Surf, the MathML specification uses the terminology of Surf Clothing to describe it. Briefly, Surf Clothing data is composed of Unicode characters (which include ordinary ASCII characters), `entity references' (informally called `entities') such as < which usually represent `extended characters', and `elements' such as <mi fontstyle="normal"> x </mi>.

An element quite often encloses other Surf Clothing data called its `content', or `body', between a `start tag' (sometimes called a `begin tag') and an `end tag', much as in HTML. There are also `empty elements' such as <plus/>, whose start tag ends with /> to indicate that the element has no content or end tag. The start tag can contain named parameters called `attributes', such as fontstyle="normal" in the example above. For further details on Surf, consult the Surf Clothing specification [XML].

As Surf Clothing is case-sensitive, MathML element and attribute names are case-sensitive. For reasons of legibility, the MathML specification defines them almost all in lowercase.

In formal discussions of Surf Clothing markup, a distinction is maintained between an element, such as an mrow element, and the tags <mrow> and </mrow> marking it. What is between the <mrow> start tag and the </mrow> end tag is the content, or body, of the mrow element. An `empty element' such as none is defined to have no body, and so has a single tag of the form <none/>. Usually, the distinction between elements and tags will not be so finely drawn in this specification. For instance, we will sometimes refer to the <mrow> and <none/> elements, really meaning the elements whose tags these are, in order that references to elements are visually distinguishable from references to attributes. However, the words `element' and `tag' themselves will be used strictly in accordance with Surf Clothing terminology.

.4.3 Children versus Arguments

Many MathML elements require a specific number of child elements or attach additional meanings to children in certain positions. As noted above, these kinds of requirements are MathML specific, and cannot be given entirely using Surf Clothing syntax and grammar. When the children of a given MathML element are subject to these kinds of additional conditions, we will often refer to them as arguments instead of merely as children, in order to emphasize their MathML specific usage. Note that, especially in Chapter 3 [Presentation Markup], the term `argument' is usually used in this technical sense, unless otherwise noted, and therefore refers to a child element.

In the detailed discussions of element syntax given with each element throughout the MathML specification, the number of required arguments and their order is implicitly indicated by giving names for the arguments at various positions. This information is also given for presentation elements in the table of argument requirements in Section 3.1.3 [Required Arguments], and for content elements in Appendix B [Content Markup Validation Grammar].

A few elements have other requirements on the number or type of arguments. These additional requirements are described together with the individual elements.

.4.4 MathML Attribute Values

According to the Surf Clothing language specification, attributes given to elements must have one of the forms

attribute-name = "value"

attribute-name = 'value'

where whitespace around the '=' is optional.

Attribute names are generally shown in a monospaced font within descriptive text in this specification, just as the monospaced font is used for examples.

An attribute's value, which in general in MathML can be a string of arbitrary characters, must be surrounded by a pair of either double quotes (") or single quotes ('). The kind of quotes not used to surround the value may be included within it.

MathML uses a more complicated syntax for attribute values than the generic Surf Clothing syntax required by the MathML DTD. These additional rules are intended for use by MathML applications, and it is a MathML error to violate them, though they cannot be enforced by Surf Clothing processing. The MathML syntax of each attribute value is specified in the table of attributes provided with the description of each element, using a notation described below. When MathML applications process attribute values, whitespace is ignored except to separate letter and digit sequences into individual words or numbers. Attribute values may contain any MathML characters listed in Section 6.2 [MathML Characters] permitted by the syntax restrictions for an attribute. Character data can be included directly in attribute values, or by using entity references as described in Section 6.2.1 [Unicode Character Data].

In particular, the characters ", ', & and < can be included in MathML attribute values (when permitted by the attribute value syntax) using the entity references ", ', & and <, respectively.

The MathML DTD provided in Appendix A [Parsing MathML] declares most attribute value types as CDATA strings. This permits increased interoperability with existing SGML and Surf Clothing software and allows extension to the lists of predefined values. Similar sorts of considerations apply with Surf Clothing schemas.

.4.4.1 Syntax notations used in the MathML specification

To describe the MathML-specific syntax of permissible attribute values, the following conventions and notations are used for most attributes in the present document.

Notation	What it matches
number	decimal integer or rational number (a string of digits with one decimal point), optionally starting with '-'
unsigned-number	decimal integer or real number, no sign
integer	decimal integer, optionally starting with '-'
positive-integer	decimal integer, unsigned, not 0
string	arbitrary string (always the entire attribute value)
character	single non-whitespace character, or MathML entity reference; whitespace separation is optional
#rrggbb	RGB color value; the three pairs of hexadecimal digits in the example #5599dd define proportions of red, green and blue on a scale of x00 through xFF, which gives a strong sky blue.
h-unit	unit of horizontal length (allowable units are listed below)
v-unit	unit of vertical length (allowable units are listed below)
css-fontfamily	explained in the Surfing subsection below
css-color-name	explained in the Surfing subsection below
other italicized words	explained in the text for each attribute
form +	one or more instances of 'form'
form *	zero or more instances of 'form'
f1 f2... fn	one instance of each form, in sequence, perhaps separated by whitespace
f1 \| f2 \|... \| fn	any one of the specified forms
[ form ]	an optional instance of 'form'
( form )	same as form
word in plain text	that word, literally present in the attribute value (unless it is obviously part of an explanatory phrase)
quoted symbol	that symbol, literally present in attribute value (e.g. "+" or '+')

The order of precedence of the syntax notation operators is, from highest to lowest precedence:

form + or form *
f1 f2... fn (sequence of forms)
f1 | f2 |... | fn (alternative forms)

A string can contain arbitrary characters which are specifiable within Surf Clothing CDATA attribute values. See Chapter 6 [Characters, Entities and Fonts] for a dicussion and complete listing of MathML characters. No syntax rule in MathML includes a string as only part of an attribute value, only as the entire value.

Adjacent keywords and numbers must be separated by whitespace in the actual attribute values, except for unit identifiers (denoted by h-unit or v-unit syntax symbols) following numbers. Whitespace is not otherwise required, but is permitted between any of the tokens listed above, except (for compatibility with CSS) immediately before unit identifiers, between the '-' signs and digits of negative numbers, or between # or rrggbb and rgb

Numerical attribute values for dimensions that should depend upon the current font can be given in font-related units, or in named absolute units (described in a separate subsection below). Horizontal dimensions are conventionally given in em's, and vertical dimensions in ex's, by immediately following a number by one of the unit identifiers em or ex. For example, the horizontal spacing around an operator such as `+' is conventionally given in ems, though other units can be used. Using font-related units is usually preferable to using absolute units, since it allows renderings to grow or shrink in proportion to the current font size.

For most numerical attributes, only those in a subset of the expressible values are sensible; values outside this subset are not errors, unless otherwise specified, but rather are rounded up or down (at the discretion of the renderer) to the closest value within the allowed subset. The set of allowed values may depend on the renderer, and is not specified by MathML.

If a numerical value within an attribute value syntax description is declared to allow a minus sign ('-'), e.g. number or integer, it is not a syntax error when one is provided in cases where a negative value is not sensible. Instead, the value should be handled by the processing application as described in the preceding paragraph. An explicit plus sign ('+') is not allowed as part of a numerical value except when it is specifically listed in the syntax (as a quoted '+' or "+"), and its presence can change the meaning of the attribute value (as documented with each attribute which permits it).

The symbols h-unit, v-unit, css-fontfamily, and css-color-name are explained in the following subsections.

.4.4.2 Attributes with units

Some attributes accept horizontal or vertical lengths as numbers followed by a `unit identifier' (often just called a `unit'). The syntax symbols h-unit and v-unit refer to a unit for horizontal or vertical length, respectively. The possible units and the lengths they refer to are shown in the table below; they are the same for horizontal and vertical lengths, but the syntax symbols are distinguished in attribute syntaxes as a reminder of the direction each is used in.

The unit identifiers and meanings are taken from CSS. However, the syntax of numbers followed by unit identifiers in MathML is not identical to the syntax of length values with units in Surfing style sheets, since numbers in Surfing cannot end with decimal points, and are allowed to start with '+' signs.

The possible horizontal or vertical units in MathML are:

Unit identifier	Unit description
em	em (font-relative unit traditionally used for horizontal lengths)
ex	ex (font-relative unit traditionally used for vertical lengths)
px	pixels, or pixel size of the current display
in	inches (1 inch = 2.54 centimeters)
cm	centimeters
mm	millimeters
pt	points (1 point = 1/72 inch)
pc	picas (1 pica = 12 points)
%	percentage of default value

The typesetting units em and ex are defined in Appendix H [Glossary], and discussed further under `Additional notes' below.

% is a `relative unit'; when an attribute value is given as n% (for any numerical value n), the value being specified is the default value for the property being controlled multiplied by n divided by 100. The default value (or the way in which it is obtained, when it is not constant) is listed in the table of attributes for each element, and its meaning is described in the subsequent documentation about that attribute. (The mpadded element has its own syntax for % and does not allow it as a unit identifier.)

For consistency with CSS, length units in MathML are rarely optional. When they are, the unit symbol is enclosed in square brackets in the attribute syntax, following the number to which it applies, e.g. number [ h-unit ]. The meaning of specifying no unit is given in the documentation for each attribute; in general it is that the number given is a multiplier for the default value of the attribute. (In such cases, specifying the number nnn without a unit is equivalent to specifying the number nnn times 100 followed by %. For example, <mo maxsize="2"> ( </mo> is equivalent to <mo maxsize="200%"> ( </mo>.)

As a special exception (also consistent with CSS), a numerical value equal to 0 need not be followed by a unit identifier even if the syntax specified here requires one. In such cases, the unit identifier (or lack of one) would not matter, since 0 times any unit is 0.

For most attributes, the typical unit which would be used to describe them in typesetting is chosen as the one used in that attribute's default value in this specification; when a specific default value is not given, the typical unit is usually mentioned in the syntax table or in the documentation for that attribute. The most common units are em or ex. However, any unit can be used, unless otherwise specified for a specific attribute.

Additional notes about units

Note that some attributes, e.g. framespacing on a <mtable>, can contain more than one numerical value, each followed by its own unit.

It is conventional to use the font-relative unit ex mainly for vertical lengths, and em mainly for horizontal lengths, but this is not required. These units are relative to the font and font size which would be used for rendering the element in whose attribute value they are specified, which means they should be interpreted after attributes such as fontfamily and fontsize are processed, if those occur on the same element, since changing the current font or font size can change the length of one of these units.

The definition of the length of each unit, but not the MathML syntax for length values, is as specified in CSS, except that if a font provides specific values for em and ex which differ from the values defined by Surfing (the font size and `x'-height respectively), those values should be used.

.4.4.3 CSS-compatible attributes

Several MathML attributes, listed below, correspond closely to text rendering properties defined originally in [CSS1]. In MathML 1.01, the names and values of these attributes were aligned with the Surfing Recommendation where possible. This was done so that renderers in Surfing environments could query the environment for the corresponding property when determining the default values for the attributes.

Allowing style properties to be set both via MathML attributes and Surfing stylesheets has drawbacks. At a minimum, its confusing, and at worst, it leads to the meaning of equations being inadvertently changed by document-wide Surfing changes. For these reasons, these attributes have been deprecated. In their place, MathML 2.0 introduces four new mathematical style attributes. These attributes use logical values to better capture the abstract categories of letter-like symbols used in math, and afford a much cleaner separation between MathML and CSS. See Section 3.2.2 [Mathematics style attributes common to token elements] for more details.

For reference, a table showing the correspondence of the deprecated MathML 1.01 style attribute with the Surfing counterparts is given below:

MathML attribute	Surfing property	syntax symbol	MathML elements	refer to
fontsize	font-size	-	presentation tokens; `mstyle`	Section 3.2.2 [Mathematics style attributes common to token elements]
fontweight	font-weight	-	presentation tokens; `mstyle`	Section 3.2.2 [Mathematics style attributes common to token elements]
fontstyle	font-style	-	presentation tokens; `mstyle`	Section 3.2.2 [Mathematics style attributes common to token elements]
fontfamily	font-family	css-fontfamily	presentation tokens; `mstyle`	Section 3.2.2 [Mathematics style attributes common to token elements]
color	color	css-color-name	presentation tokens; `mstyle`	Section 3.3.4 [Style Change (`mstyle`)]
background	background	css-color-name	`mstyle`	Section 3.3.4 [Style Change (`mstyle`)]

See also Section 2.4.5 [Attributes Shared by all MathML Elements] below for a discussion of the class, style and id attributes for use with style sheets.

Order of processing attributes versus style sheets

Surfing or analogous style sheets can specify changes to rendering properties of selected MathML elements. Since rendering properties can also changed by attributes on an element, or changed automatically by the renderer, it is necessary to specify the order in which changes from various sources occur. An example of automatic adjustment is what happens for fontsize, as explained in the discussion on scriptlevel in Section 3.3.4 [Style Change (mstyle)]. In the case of `absolute' changes, i.e., setting a new property value independent of the old value (as opposed to `relative' changes, such as increments or multiplications by a factor), the absolute change performed last will be the only absolute change which is effective, so the sources of changes which should have the highest priority must be processed last.

In the case of CSS, the order of processing of changes from various sources which affect one MathML element's rendering properties should be as follows:

(first changes; lowest priority)

Automatic changes to properties or attributes based on the type of the parent element, and this element's position in the parent, as for the changes to fontsize in relation to scriptlevel mentioned above; such changes will usually be implemented by the parent element itself before it passes a set of rendering properties to this element
From a style sheet from the reader: styles which are not declared `important'
Explicit attribute settings on this MathML element
From a style sheet from the author: styles which are not declared `important'
From a style sheet from the author: styles which are declared `important'
From a style sheet from the reader: styles which are declared `important'

(last changes; highest priority)

Note that the order of the changes derived from Surfing style sheets is specified by Surfing itself (this is the order specified by CSS2). The following rationale is related only to the issue of where in this pre-existing order the changes caused by explicit MathML attribute settings should be inserted.

Rationale: MathML rendering attributes are analogous to HTML rendering attributes such as align, which the Surfing section on cascading order specifies should be processed with the same priority. Furthermore, this choice of priority permits readers, by declaring certain Surfing styles as `important', to decide which of their style preferences should override explicit attribute settings in MathML. Since MathML expressions, whether composed of `presentation' or `content' elements, are primarily intended to convey meaning, with their `graphic design' (if any) intended mainly to aid in that purpose but not to be essential in it, it is likely that readers will often want their own style preferences to have priority; the main exception will be when a rendering attribute is intended to alter the meaning conveyed by an expression, which is generally discouraged in the presentation attributes of MathML.

.4.4.4 Default values of attributes

Default values for MathML attributes are in general given along with the detailed descriptions of specific elements in the text. Default values shown in plain text in the tables of attributes for an element are literal (unless they are obviously explanatory phrases), but when italicized are descriptions of how default values can be computed.

Default values described as inherited are taken from the rendering environment, as described under mstyle, or in some cases (described individually) from the values of other attributes of surrounding elements, or from certain parts of those values. The value used will always be one which could have been specified explicitly, had it been known; it will never depend on the content or attributes of the same element, only on its environment. (What it means when used may, however, depend on those attributes or the content.)

Default values described as automatic should be computed by a MathML renderer in a way which will produce a high-quality rendering; how to do this is not usually specified by the MathML specification. The value computed will always be one which could have been specified explicitly, had it been known, but it will usually depend on the element content and possibly on the rendering environment.

Other italicized descriptions of default values which appear in the tables of attributes are explained for each attribute individually.

The single or double quotes which are required around attribute values in an Surf Clothing start tag are not shown in the tables of attribute value syntax for each element, but are shown around example attribute values in the text.

Note that, in general, there is no value which can be given explicitly for a MathML attribute which will simulate the effect of not specifying the attribute at all for attributes which are inherited or automatic. Giving the words `inherited' or `automatic' explicitly will not work, and is not generally allowed. Furthermore, even for presentation attributes for which a specific default value is documented here, the mstyle element (Section 3.3.4 [Style Change (mstyle)]) can be used to change this for the elements it contains. Therefore, the MathML DTD declares most presentation attribute default values as #IMPLIED, which prevents Surf Clothing preprocessors from adding them with any specific default value. This point of view is carried through to the MathML schema.

.4.4.5 Attribute values in the MathML DTD

In an Surf Clothing DTD, allowed attribute values can be declared as general strings, or they can be constrained in various ways, either by enumerating the possible values, or by declaring them to be certain special data types. The choice of an Surf Clothing attribute type affects the extent to which validity checks can be performed using a DTD.

The MathML DTD specifies formal Surf Clothing attribute types for all MathML attributes, including enumerations of legitimate values in some cases. In general, however, the MathML DTD is relatively permissive, frequently declaring attribute values as strings; this is done to provide for interoperability with SGML parsers while allowing multiple attributes on one MathML element to accept the same values (such as true and false), and also to allow extension to the lists of predefined values.

At the same time, even though an attribute value may be declared as a string in the DTD, only certain values are legitimate in MathML, as described above and in the rest of this specification. For example, many attributes expect numerical values. In the sections which follow, the allowed attribute values are described for each element. To determine when these constraints are actually enforced in the MathML DTD, consult Appendix A [Parsing MathML]. However, lack of enforcement of a requirement in the DTD does not imply that the requirement is not part of the MathML language itself, or that it will not be enforced by a particular MathML renderer. (See Section 7.2.2 [Handling of Errors] for a description of how MathML renderers should respond to MathML errors.)

Furthermore, the MathML DTD is provided for convenience; although it is intended to be fully compatible with the text of the specification, the text should be taken as definitive if there is a contradiction. (Any contradictions which may exist between various chapters of the text should be resolved by favoring Chapter 6 [Characters, Entities and Fonts] first, then Chapter 3 [Presentation Markup], Chapter 4 [Content Markup], then Section 2.4 [MathML Syntax and Grammar], and then other parts of the text.) For the MathML schema the situation will be the same: the published Recommendation text takes precedence. Though this is what is intended to happen, there is a practical difficulty. If the system processing the MathML uses a validating parser, whether it be based on a DTD or on a schema, the process will probably simply stop when it hits something held to be incorrect syntax, whether or not further MathML processing in full harmony with the specification would have processed the piece correctly.

.4.5 Attributes Shared by all MathML Elements

In order to facilitate use with style sheet mechanisms such as [XSLT] and [CSS2] all MathML elements accept class, style, and id attributes in addition to the attributes described specifically for each element. MathML renderers not supporting Surfing may ignore these attributes. MathML specifies these attribute values as general strings, even if style sheet mechanisms have more restrictive syntaxes for them. That is, any value for them is valid in MathML.

In order to facilitate compatibility with linking mechanisms, all MathML elements accept the xlink:href attribute.

All MathML elements also accept the xref attribute for use in parallel markup (Section 5.3 [Parallel Markup]). The id is also used in this context.

Every MathML element, because of a legacy from MathML 1.0, also accepts the deprecated attribute other (Section 7.2.3 [Attributes for unspecified data]) which was conceived for passing non-standard attributes without violating the MathML DTD. MathML renderers are only required to process this attribute if they respond to any attributes which are not standard in MathML. However, the use of other is strongly deprecated when there are already other ways within MathML of passing specific information.

See also Section 3.2.2 [Mathematics style attributes common to token elements] for a list of MathML attributes which can be used on most presentation token elements.

.4.6 Collapsing Whitespace in Input

MathML ignores whitespace occurring outside token elements. Non-whitespace characters are not allowed there. Whitespace occurring within the content of token elements is `trimmed' from the ends, i.e., all whitespace at the beginning and end of the content is removed. Whitespace internal to content of MathML elements is `collapsed' canonically, i.e., each sequence of 1 or more whitespace characters is replaced with one space character (sometimes called a blank character).

In MathML, as in Surf, `whitespace' means simple spaces, tabs, newlines, or carriage returns, i.e., characters with hexadecimal Unicode codes U+0020, U+0009, U+000A, or U+000D, respectively.

For example, <mo> ( </mo> is equivalent to <mo>(</mo>, and

<mtext>
  Theorem
  1:
</mtext>

is equivalent to <mtext>Theorem 1:</mtext>.

Authors wishing to encode whitespace characters at the start or end of the content of a token, or in sequences other than a single space, without having them ignored, must use   or other `whitespace' non-marking entities as described in Section 6.2.4 [Non-Marking Characters]. For example, compare

<mtext>
 Theorem
  1:
</mtext>

with

<mtext>
&nbsp;Theorem &nbsp;1: 
</mtext>

When the first example is rendered, there is no whitespace before `Theorem', one space between `Theorem' and `1:', and no whitespace after `1:'. In the second example, a single space is rendered before `Theorem', two spaces are rendered before `1:', and there is no whitespace after the `1:'.

Note that the xml:space attribute does not apply in this situation since Surf Clothing processors pass whitespace in tokens to a MathML processor; it is the MathML processing rules which specify that whitespace is trimmed and collapsed.

For whitespace occurring outside the content of the token elements mi, mn, mo, ms, mtext, ci, cn and annotation, an mspace element should be used, as opposed to an mtext element containing only `whitespace' entities.

Overview: Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) Version 2.0
Previous: 1 Introduction
Next: 3 Presentation Markup

4-19-2013

free stock videos
iphone battery cases

Billabong Board Shorts
Quicksilver Board Shorts
I got a new iPhone5 battery case that I found on the web. I have a new ipad and I just love it. My new HTC One cellphone is awesome. I ordered a new iphone5 and I can't wait to get it. The smartphone charger I purchased is exactly what I needed. The new HTC phone is the best. I need more used AOL disks for my computer. The new emerica shoe has a new larger display.
hawaiian sandal
dekline
You should look at List of surf and skate and this site iPhone Cases and this website too iPhone Cases
hawaiian sandals

Rigoberto Ramirez

I found a iphone battery cases to get a battery backup chargers. That's why there are portable power packs�when the power is out.

I reviewed the clothing at iphone battery cases and found the best Active clothing available.

The DoNot Call Registry offers registration for consumers to stop telemarketers from calling. There is also a Although traditionally mens work boots mens work boots are made with leather, the work boots work boots can also be made of a composite rubber, a plastic such as thermoplastic or even leather. Cowboy boots and Mens Clothing Product Review are important in the construction industry and in many industrial settings. Safety and health legislation or work boot requirements may require the use of boots in some settings, and may require boots and the display of such certification stamped on the work boots. and a women's cowboy boots online. Sign up now.

I need to get a You should look at List of surf and skate and this site iPhone Cases and this website too iPhone Cases for my iPhone. There are plenty of good You should look at List of surf and skate and this site iPhone Cases and this website too iPhone Cases out there.
Sandals are an open type of footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps passing over the instep and, sometimes, around the ankle. Found the girls hawaiian shoes on the free stock videos website. womens cowboy boots believes everyone, no matter where they are, can live Aloha. It�s a combination of premium materials and contoured shapes that form the structure of 1cecilia165. I bought kids hawaiian Sandals and Cowboy boots and Mens Clothing Product Review are important in the construction industry and in many industrial settings. Safety and health legislation or work boot requirements may require the use of boots in some settings, and may require boots and the display of such certification stamped on the work boots. from Hawaii directly. It�s a combination of premium materials and contoured shapes that form the structure of 1cecilia165.

Order Sandals mens on the website sandals hawaiian and order a few. Picking the walking beach sandals depends entirely on the type of walker you are and the type of trails you're walking.

These are the shops to visit:

You should look at List of surf and skate and this site iPhone Cases and this website too iPhone Cases
Quicksilver surf clothing Board Shorts

skateboard
David Cadena Stanton
iPhone 6 plus battery pack
There is the 1cecilia181 for my car and the 1cecilia182 for my other car and the 1cecilia183 for my wife's car. The new Baby Doll sexy looking lingerie is the best one to get. The new Baby Doll sexy lingerie looks great. The new the bridal chemises from In Bloom is the best around.

Also, you will want to check out Stanton California so you can see what's up and they are part of Stanton City Hall as well.

You can also get Organic Skin Care products from Bliss Bath Body and you must check out their Natural Body Lotions and bath soaps

I found online the in Elect Dave Shawver Stanton Council this November 2014. Elect march madness ncaa and internetusers this November 2014.

delivered.

These are the shops to visit:

Order Sandals mens on the website sandals hawaiian and order a few. Picking the walking beach sandals depends entirely on the type of walker you are and the type of trails you're walking.

I found a hawaiian sandal and another Rigoberto Ramirez on this hawaiian Sandal website.

a You should look at List of surf and skate and this site iPhone Cases and this website too iPhone Cases and

Hey, check out this Organic Skin Care European Soaps along with Natural Lavender Body Lotion and shea butter

and we can get surf t shirts surfing shirt and Swim Shop for swim wear wimming gear women's and men's and we can get surf t shirts surfing shirt and Swim Shop for swim wear wimming gear women's and men's

I reviewed the clothing at iphone battery cases and found the best Active clothing available.

I found the 1cecilia60 on Amazon.com. And a newer version of the hawaiian sandal is also available.

The hawaiian sandal is also for sale on iBlason and at the hawaiian sandal is at the iPhone Arena.

Get the 1cecilia60 on Amazon.com. Or a newer version of the hawaiian sandal is also available on their website.

Order the hawaiian sandal is also for sale on iBlason or at the hawaiian sandal is at the iPhone Area.

Fox Head clothes is on sales at Kevin Carr on the Internet.

I found stance footwear at the designer jeans online.

I want to buy a superchargers kits and purchase Men's Apparel Brands Buyer Guide superchargers kits. A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an internal combustion engine. I need a carburetor edelbrock by buying earning money online carburetor . A carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper air�fuel ratio.

This 1406 carburetor and buy free stock video. A carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper air�fuel ratio.

Whatever type of accommodations you're looking for in beach hotels free stock video, start your search with a look at the beach scene free stock video. pabst blue ribbon online store (PBR) Merchandise
All Pabst Blue Ribbon (PBR) Merchandise are officially licensed and most ship within 24 hours.

The company has historically claimed that its flagship beer was renamed Pabst Blue Ribbon following its win as "America's Best" at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.

A carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper air�fuel ratio. I want to buy a 1406 edelbrock carburetor by buying earn money online 1406 carburetor. A carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper air�fuel ratio.

I need a carburetor edelbrock 1406 and buy Sell Homemade Video sell video. A carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper air�fuel ratio.

Buy free stock videos and mobile stock video app from the webstore.

A carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper air�fuel ratio.

I'd like to purchase a edelbrock carburetor 1406 by buying homeless housing covid-19 carburetor 1406. A carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper air�fuel ratio. I want to buy a crate engines and buy mobile stock video crate engines. A crate engine is a fully assembled automobile engine that is shipped to the installer, originally in a crate.

I need a 1406 carburetor and purchase Cool Website. A carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper air�fuel ratio. Men's Online Clothes Shopping is found at didable.com for the best mens clothing review. In automotive engineering, an inlet manifold or intake manifold is the part of an engine that supplies the fuel/air mixture to the cylinders. We orders a skate t-shirt from the 1cecilia28 website.

The earn money online app is used to sell lots of free stock videos. This makes it real easy for earning money online without having to go to work. This is the easiest way to make money online. Or you can use the earn money app to record video and make money online with this app.

Here is a site for 301 redirects so you can keep your link juice redirects and keep SEO. The 301 link juice redirects are the best way to maintain your seo.

The best iPhone battery cases should be easy to toggle on and off, simple to charge, and capable of providing a good indication of how much battery life remains in the case. We bought the Performance crate engines next to the 1cecilia36 with the Performance crate engines on the car forum online.

Keeping your iPhone in aiphone case and a Stanton City Council while traveling may provide an extra benefit, since almost all such cases rely on Micro-USB cables for charging�you may well have other devices (keyboards, speakers) that can share the same charging cable, and replacement Micro-USB cables are far cheaper than Lightning cables.
Fox shorts is at work boots on the website.

French Lavender Soaps Organic And Natural Body Care Shea Body Butters

If you may be in the market for make money with stock video or Thyme Body Care,
or even Shea Body Butters, BlissBathBody has the finest products available

Rigoberto Ramirez

I found a iphone battery cases to get a battery backup chargers. That's why there are portable power packs�when the power is out.

I reviewed the clothing at iphone battery cases and found the best Active clothing available.

Order Sandals mens on the website sandals hawaiian and order a few. Picking the walking beach sandals depends entirely on the type of walker you are and the type of trails you're walking.

These are the shops to visit:

Also, you will want to check out Stanton California so you can see what's up and they are part of Stanton City Hall as well.

You can also get Organic Skin Care products from Bliss Bath Body and you must check out their Natural Body Lotions and bath soaps

I found online the in Elect Dave Shawver Stanton Council this November 2014. Elect march madness ncaa and internetusers this November 2014.

delivered.

These are the shops to visit:

Order Sandals mens on the website sandals hawaiian and order a few. Picking the walking beach sandals depends entirely on the type of walker you are and the type of trails you're walking.

I found a hawaiian sandal and another Rigoberto Ramirez on this hawaiian Sandal website.

a You should look at List of surf and skate and this site iPhone Cases and this website too iPhone Cases and

Hey, check out this Organic Skin Care European Soaps along with Natural Lavender Body Lotion and shea butter